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Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

A renal corpuscle includes the

a.	glomerulus and glomerular capsule	c.	glomerular capsule and renal tubule
b.	glomerulus and renal tubule	d.	renal tubule and collecting tubule

Urine formation involves

a.	filtration	c.	secretion
b.	reabsorption	d.	all of these

Reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the wall of the

a.	glomerular capsule	c.	proximal convoluted tubules
b.	loop of Henle	d.	distal convoluted tubule

The cavity of glomerular capsule is filled with fifty separate capillaries called

a.	nephrons	c.	urethreas
b.	pelvis	d.	glomeruli

The elimination of urine is

a.	reflex in adults	c.	not essential
b.	micturition	d.	nephritis

The urine is stored in the

a.	urethra	c.	urinary bladder
b.	pelvis	d.	hilum

Reabsorption and concentration of substances kidney occur in the

a.	glomerulus	c.	renal pelvis
b.	tubules	d.	glomerular capsule

The urine is carried to the outside of the body by the

a.	ureter	c.	nephron
b.	urethra	d.	urinary bladder

The following structures are included in the urinary system except

a.	glomeruli	c.	uvula
b.	bladder	d.	urethra

10.

Afferent arterioles are lateral branches of the

a.	arciform arteries	c.	interlobular veins
b.	renal arteries	d.	interlobular arteries

11.

The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the wall of the

a.	distal convoluted tubule	c.	ascending limb of the loop of Henle
b.	proximal convoluted tubule	d.	descendingh limb of the loop of Henle

12.

The functional unit of the kidney is called

a.	glomerulus	c.	nephron
b.	renal pelvis	d.	glomerular capsule

13.

The kidney's filtration process is nonselective, so _____.

a.	many valuable substances are lost in urine	c.	the proportion of substances in urine are the same as blood
b.	urine is much less concentrated than blood	d.	useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed.

14.

Blood leaving the capillary cluster of the glomerulus enters the

a.	afferent arteriole	c.	peritubular capillary system
b.	efferent arteriole	d.	renal vein

15.

Which of the following factors affect glomerular filtration rate?

a.	constriction or dilatation of afferent and efferent arterioles	c.	hydrostatic pressure
b.	plasma osmotic pressure	d.	all of the above

16.

How much fluid filters through the glomerulus in a 24-hour period?

a.	11/2 quarts	c.	5-10 quarts
b.	2 cups	d.	45 gallons

17.

Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?

a.	the right kidney is usually higher than the left one	c.	their upper borders are about the level of the third lumbar vertebra
b.	they are located behind the peritoneum	d.	they are located against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity

18.

Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubules in the correct sequence from beginning to end?

a.	proximal convoluted tubules, ascending limb of loop of Henle, descending limb of loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule	c.	proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of loop of Henle, ascending limb of loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
b.	distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of loop of Henle, ascending limb of loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule	d.	descending limb of loop of Henle, ascending limb of loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubule

19.

A substance that is secreted is response to a rise in osmotic pressure is

a.	sugar	c.	urea
b.	ADH	d.	ammonia

20.

ADH is produced by cells within the

a.	pituitary gland	c.	renal pelvis
b.	hypothalamus	d.	medulla

21.

Urine moves along the ureters to the bladder via

a.	hydrostatic pressure	c.	gravity
b.	peristalsis	d.	negative pressure

22.

Which of the following structures is under conscious control?

a.	external urethral sphincter	c.	both
b.	internal urethral sphincter	d.	neither

23.

The cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are

a.	neurofibrils	c.	axons
b.	nissl fibers	d.	dendrites

24.

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

a.	white	c.	brown
b.	gray	d.	transparent

25.

Which of the following is not a type of neuroglial cell?

a.	astrocyte	c.	ependymal cell
b.	oligodendrocyte	d.	nissl cell

26.

The part of the brain that functions to coordinate voluntary muscular movements is the

a.	cerebrum	c.	cerebellum
b.	brain stem	d.	corpus callosum

27.

Within the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid occupies the

a.	lumbar enlargement	c.	epidural space
b.	gray commissure	d.	subarachnoid space

28.

Parts of the typical neuron include

a.	two or more axons
b.	only one axon and at least one dendrite
c.	a ganglion as an axon
d.	several axons and many dendrites
e.	sensory and motor processes

29.

All of the following are hormones of the thyroid gland EXCEPT

a.	Thyroxine	d.	T3
b.	Calcitonin	e.	None of the above
c.	PTH

30.

The thyroid gland is controlled by secretions from the

a.	posterior pituitary	c.	pineal gland
b.	anterior pituitary	d.	thymus gland

31.

Groups of cells that secrete insulin and glucagon in the endocrine potion of the pancreas are called

a.	goblet cells	c.	mineralocorticoids
b.	beta cells	d.	islets of Langerhans

32.

Alpha cells produce ___________ and beta cells produce ___________.

a.	glucose, protein	c.	insulin, glycogen
b.	insulin, glucagon	d.	glucagon, insulin

33.

What is secreted by the pineal gland?

a.	mucous	d.	melanocyte stimulating hormone
b.	estrogen	e.	thyroid stimulating hormone
c.	melatonin

34.

If you enter S-1 during a day when dissecting and smell a strong odor, but the odor soon seems to fade away, you have experienced

a.	damage to your sensory receptors
b.	sensory adaptation
c.	a change in concentration of the substance you smelled
d.	a change in the room temperature

35.

The olfactory receptors are examples of

a.	thermoreceptors	c.	mechanoreceptors
b.	chemoreceptors	d.	proprioceptors

36.

The outer coat of the eyeball is composed of the

a.	sclera and cornea	d.	vitreous body
b.	choroid and ciliary bodies	e.	iris an pupil
c.	retina

37.

Which of the following correctly lists the parts through which light passes as it nears the eye?

a.	cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
b.	aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor
c.	vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
d.	cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

38.

Which part of the ear is most directly associated with equilibrium?

a.	outer ear	d.	inner ear
b.	tympanic membrane	e.	Eustachian tube
c.	ear ossicles

39.

The central fovea is a small depression in the center of the

a.	macula lutea of the retina	d.	cornea
b.	optic disc of the retina	e.	vitreous body
c.	lens

40.

The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the

a.	white blood cells	c.	platelets
b.	red blood cells	d.	macrophages

41.

Which of the following is an agranulocyte?

a.	basophil	c.	monocyte
b.	eosinophil	d.	neutrophil

42.

The primary function of lymphocytes is to

a.	phagocytize damaged cells
b.	produce enzymes that dissolve blood clots
c.	release substances that initiate blood clots
d.	act against foreign substances.

43.

Platelets are best described as

a.	giant, multinucleated cells	c.	immature leukocytes
b.	cytoplasmic fragments of cells	d.	lymphoid cells

44.

Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules?

a.	cobalt	c.	iron
b.	copper	d.	iodine

45.

The most active phagocytic cells among the leukocytes are

a.	basophils and eosinophils	c.	lymphocytes and neutrophils
b.	neutrophils and monocytes	d.	monocytes and lymphocytes

46.

The chambers of the heart include

a.	two upper larger chambers called the atria
b.	two lower smaller chambers called the ventricles
c.	two lower larger chambers called the ventricles
d.	both a and b above

47.

The inner most layer of the heart is called the:

a.	epicardium	c.	viscral pericardium
b.	endocardkum	d.	both a and c above

48.

The outermost layer of the heart is called the:

a.	epicardium	c.	visceral pericardium
b.	endocardium	d.	both a and c above

49.

The right side of the heart:

a.	deals with oxygen poor blood
b.	deals with oxygen rich blood
c.	is the pump for systemic circulation
d.	both b and c above.

50.

The blood vessel carrying blood to the head is the

a.	carotid artery	c.	subclavian artery
b.	jugular vein	d.	pulmonary artery

51.

The period of active contraction of the cardiac cycle is known as

a.	systole	c.	diastole
b.	minute volume	d.	stroke volume

52.

The heartbeat originates in the

a.	bundle of His (AV bundle)	c.	Purkinje network
b.	atrioventricular node	d.	sinoatrial node.

53.

The heart is found in a space called the

a.	pleural cavity	c.	periosteum
b.	mediastium	d.	abdominal cavity

54.

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of (an)

a.	artery	c.	vein
b.	arteriole	d.	capillary

55.

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

a.	thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
b.	lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct
c.	intestinal duct and left intercostal duct
d.	bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct.

56.

The spleen

a.	functions as a blood reservoir	c.	contains numerous marcophages
b.	is responsive to low oxygen concentration	d.	all of these

57.

The type of resistance that develops as a result of developing a disease is

a.	naturally acquired active immunity	c.	artificially acquired passive immunity
b.	artificially acquired active immunity	d.	naturally acquired passive immunity

58.

In cell-mediated immunity, the antigenic cell/ molecule is destroyed by:

a.	killer T cells	d.	complement
b.	mast cells	e.	plasma cells
c.	opsonizing antibodies

59.

Antibodies are produced by:

a.	macrophages	d.	mast cells
b.	killer T cells	e.	plasma cells
c.	neutrophils

60.

People who are confined to bed for long periods of time often develop edema because:

a.	their blood pressure becomes elevated, forcing more fluid into interstitial spaces as blood hydrostatic pressure rises.
b.	lack of motor activity leads to reduced sympathetic stimulation to lymphatic vessels, so lymph tends to pool
c.	without skeletal muscle contraction to force lymph though lymphatic vessels, fluid tends to accumulate in interstitial spaces
d.	reduced vasomotor tone allows proteins to leak from plasma, and water follows the osmotic gradient
e.	heart rate and force of contraction are reduced, so the pressure gradient is insufficient to maintain lymph flow.

61.

The covering of the opening of the windpipe is called the

a.	uvula	c.	esophagus
b.	epiglottis	d.	larynx

62.

The series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus is known as

a.	deglutition	c.	peristalsis
b.	digestion	d.	mastication

63.

The stomach empties into the duodenum through the

a.	pyloric sphincter	c.	esophageal sphincter
b.	cardiac sphincter	d.	fundic sphincter

64.

The thick liquid form of food in the stomach is known as

a.	chyme	c.	rugae
b.	bolus	d.	fundus

65.

The large intestine

a.	lacks longitudinal muscles
b.	absorbs water
c.	is in continuous movement while undigested food is present
d.	is about 20 feet in length.

66.

The inner lining of the small intestine

a.	contains rugae
b.	contains villi
c.	produces pepsin
d.	is concerned only with the absorption of protein

67.

The passage of food from the small intestine to the large intestine is regulated by the

a.	pyloric valve	c.	ileocecal valve
b.	cardiac valve	d.	pyloric sphincter

68.

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

a.	receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
b.	effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron
c.	receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
d.	effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron

69.

The central nervous system consists only of neurons

a.	extending from the brain or spinal cord to muscles.
b.	called autonomic neurons
c.	carrying impulses toward or away from the brain or spinal cord
d.	of the spinal cord and brain
e.	carrying sensory impulses

70.

The supporting cells found in nervous system are the

a.	neurons	c.	neuroglia
b.	receptors	d.	ganglia

Matching

Match the term with the correct phrase.

a.	hollow chamber within the kidney	f.	entrance to renal sinus
b.	outer tissue of the kidney	g.	process of water reabsorption
c.	funnel-shaped end of ureter	h.	source of ADH
d.	conical mass of tissue within the renal medulla	i.	triangular area on the internal floor of the bladder
e.	elevation that projects into the renal sinus	j.	uric acids come from metabolism of

71.

renal pelvis

72.

renal papilla

73.

renal cortex

74.

renal pyramid

75.

hilum

76.

renal sinus

77.

hypothalamus

78.

trigone

79.

nucleic acid

80.

osmosis